Therapy
Objectives:
1. Briefly explain the current approach to therapy.
2. Discuss the aims and methods of psychoanalysis and explain
the critics’ concerns with this form of therapy.
3. Identify the basic themes of humanistic therapies.
4. Describe
5. Identify the basic assumptions of behavior therapy and
discuss the classical conditioning therapies.
6. Describe the premise behind operant conditioning techniques
and explain the critics’ concerns with these techniques.
7. Identify the basic assumptions of the cognitive therapies.
8. Describe group therapy.
9. Discuss the findings regarding the effectiveness of the
psychotherapies.
10. Identify two reasons clients’ and therapists’
effectiveness may be inflated.
11. Discuss the relative effectiveness of different
psychotherapies.
12. Evaluate the effectiveness of three popular alternative
therapies.
13. Discuss the commonalities among
the psychotherapies.
14. Discuss the role of culture and values in psychotherapy.
15. Explain the rationale and goals of preventive mental
health programs.
16. Identify the common forms of drug therapy.
17. Describe the use of electroconvulsive therapy in the
treatment of psychological disorders.
18. Describe the use of psychosurgery in the treatment of
psychological disorders.
Vocabulary:
1. psychotherapy—
2. eclectic approach—
3. psychoanalysis—
4. resistance—
5. interpretation—
6. transference—
7. client‑centered therapy—
8. active listening—
9. behavior therapy—
10. counterconditioning—
11. exposure therapies—
12. systematic desensitization—
13. aversive conditioning—
14. token economy—
15. cognitive therapy—
16. cognitive-behavior therapy—
17. family therapy—
18. regression toward the mean—
19. meta‑analysis—
20. psychopharmacology—
21. lithium—
22. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)—
23. psychosurgery—
24. lobotomy—
Chapter Review:
1. Psychological therapy is more commonly called
____________________.
2. Therapists who blend several psychotherapy techniques are
said to take an ____________________ approach.
3. The major psychotherapies are based on four perspectives:
the ____________________, ____________________, ____________________, and
____________________ perspectives.
4. Freud’s technique in which a client says whatever comes to
mind is called _______________ _______________.
5. When, in the course of therapy, a person omits shameful or
embarrassing material, ____________________ is occurring. Insight is
facilitated by the analyst’s ____________________ of the meaning of such
omissions, of dreams, and of other information revealed during therapy
sessions.
6. Freud referred to the hidden meaning of a dream as its
_______________ _______________.
7. When strong feelings, similar to those experienced in
other important relationships, are developed toward the therapist,
____________________ has occurred.
8. Therapists who are influenced by Freud’s psychoanalysis but
who talk to the patient face to face are ____________________ therapists. In
addition, they work with patients only ____________________ (how long?) and for
only a few weeks or months.
9. A brief alternative to psychodynamic therapy that has
proven effective with ____________________ patients is ____________________
____________________. While this approach aims to help people gain
____________________ into their difficulties, it focuses on
____________________ ____________________ rather than on past hurts.
10. Humanistic therapies attempt to help people meet their
potential for ____________________.
11. List several ways that
humanistic therapy differs from psychoanalysis.
12. The humanistic therapy based on Rogers’s theory is called
_______________ - _______________, which is described as ____________________
therapy because the therapist _____ (interprets / does not interpret) the
person’s problems.
13. In order to promote growth in clients, Rogerian therapists
exhibit ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.
14. Rogers’s technique of restating and clarifying what a
person is saying is called ____________________ ____________________. Given a
nonjudgmental environment that provides ____________________
____________________ ____________________, patients are better able to accept
themselves as they are and to feel valued and whole.
15. Three tips for listening more actively in your own
relationships are ____________________, ____________________
____________________, and ____________________ ____________________.
16. Contrast the assumptions of the behavior therapies with those
of psychoanalysis and humanistic therapy.
17. One cluster of behavior therapies is based on the
principles of ____________________ ____________________, as developed in
Pavlov’s experiments. This technique, in which a new, incompatible response is
substituted for a maladaptive one, is called ____________________. Two examples
of this technique are ____________________ ____________________ and
____________________ ____________________.
18. The most widely used techniques
of behavior therapy are the ____________________ ____________________. The
technique of systematic desensitization has been most fully developed by the
therapist ____________________. The assumption behind this technique is that
one cannot simultaneously be ____________________ and relaxed.
19. The first step in systematic desensitization is the
construction of a ____________________ of anxiety‑arousing stimuli. The
second step involves training in _______________ ______________. In the final
step, the person is trained to associate the ____________________ state with
the ____________________‑arousing stimuli.
20. For those who are unable to ____________________ an
anxiety-arousing situation, or too afraid or embarrassed to do so,
____________________ ____________________ ____________________ therapy offers a promising alternative.
21. In helping people to overcome fears of snakes and spiders,
for example, therapists sometimes combine systematic desensitization with
____________________ ____________________.
22. In aversive conditioning, the therapist attempts to
substitute a ____________________ (positive / negative) response for one that
is currently ____________________ (positive / negative). In this technique, a
person’s unwanted behaviors become associated with ____________________
feelings.
23. Therapies that influence behavior by controlling its
consequences are based on principles of ____________________ conditioning. One
application of this form of therapy to institutional settings is the
____________________ ____________________, in which desired behaviors are
rewarded.
24. State two criticisms of
“behavior modification.”
25. Therapists who teach people new, more constructive ways
of thinking are using ____________________ therapy.
26. One variety of cognitive therapy that attempts to reverse
the ____________________ beliefs often associated with ____________________ by
helping clients see their irrationalities. This therapy was developed by
____________________.
27. A form of cognitive therapy developed by Adele Rabin builds
on the finding that depressed people _______________ (do / do not) exhibit the
self-serving bias.
28. Treatment that combines an attack on negative thinking
with efforts to modify behavior is know as
____________________-____________________ therapy.
29. Training people to restructure their thinking in stressful
situations is the goal of ____________________ ____________________ training.
Students trained to ____________________ their negative thoughts are less
likely to experience future depression.
30. List several
advantages of group therapy.
31. The most common types of group therapy are
____________________
and ____________________
groups for alcoholics, divorced people, and gamblers, for example. Most
support groups focus on ____________________, ____________________, and
_______________-_______________-_______________ illness.
32. The type of group interaction that focuses on the social
context in which the individual exists is ____________________ ____________________.
33. In this type of group, therapists focus on improving
____________________ within the family and helping family members to discover
new ways of preventing or resolving ____________________.
34. In contrast to earlier times, most therapy today
__________ (is / is not) provided by psychiatrists.
35. A majority of psychotherapy clients express
____________________ (satisfaction / dissatisfaction) with their therapy.
36. A long‑term study of 500
37. Clients’ and therapists’ perceptions of therapy’s
effectiveness may be inflated by their ____________________ that a treatment
works. This phenomenon is called the ____________________ ____________________.
Another phenomenon that may inflate their perceptions of therapy’s
effectiveness is the phenomenon called ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________, which is the
tendency for ____________________ emotions to return toward their
____________________ state.
38. The debate over the effectiveness of psychotherapy began
with a study by ____________________; it showed that the rate of improvement
for those who received therapy _______________ (was / was not) higher than the
rate for those who did not.
39. A statistical technique that makes it possible to combine
the results of many different psychotherapy outcome studies is called
_______________- _______________. Overall, the results of such analyses
indicate that psychotherapy is ____________________ (somewhat effective / ineffective)
.
40. As a rule, psychotherapy is most effective with problems
that are ____________________ (specific / nonspecific).
41. Comparisons of the effectiveness of different forms of
therapy reveal ____________________ (clear / no clear) differences, that the
type of therapy provider _________________________ (matters / does not matter),
and that whether therapy is provided by an individual therapist or within a
group ____________________________ (makes a difference / does not make a
difference).
42. Controlled treatment studies have demonstrated that
depression may be effectively treated with ____________________,
____________________, and ____________________ therapies. In treating anxiety,
____________________ and ____________________ therapies and ____________________
____________________ training have proven effective in treating
____________________, and behavior modification in treating
____________________ ____________________.
43. With phobias, compulsions, and other specific behavior
problems, ____________________ therapies have been the most effective.
44. Today, many forms of ____________________
____________________ are touted as effective treatments for a variety of
complaints. Among the most popular is ____________________ ____________________,
in which practitioners move their hands over a patient’s body. Empirical
support for this form of therapy is ____________________ (strong /
nonexistent).
45. In another popular alternative therapy, a therapist
triggers eye movements in patients while they imagine ____________________
____________________. This therapy, called ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________ has proven ____________________ (completely ineffective /
somewhat effective) as a treatment for nonmilitary
____________________-____________________ ____________________
____________________. However, skeptics point to evidence that
____________________ ____________________ is just as effective as triggered eye
movements in producing beneficial results.
46. For people who suffer from the winter-time form of
depression called ____________________ ____________________
____________________, timed ____________________-____________________ therapy
may be beneficial in shifting secretion of the hormone ____________________.
47. Several studies found that treatment for mild problems
offered by paraprofessionals _______________ (is / is not) as effective as that
offered by professional therapists.
48. Generally speaking, psychotherapists’ personal values
_______________ (do / do not) influence their therapy.
49. The most widely used biomedical treatments are the
____________________ therapies. Thanks to these therapies, the number of
residents in mental hospitals has ____________________ (increased / decreased)
sharply.
50. The field that studies the effects of drugs on the mind
and behavior is ____________________.
51. When neither the patients nor the staff are aware of which
condition a given individual is in, a ____________________ -
____________________ study is being conducted.
52. One effect of ____________________ drugs, such as
____________________, is to help those experiencing ____________________
(positive / negative) symptoms of schizophrenia by decreasing their
responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli; schizophrenia patients who are apathetic
and with drawn may be more effectively treated with the drug
____________________. These drugs work by blocking the receptor sites for the
neurotransmitters ____________________ and ____________________.
53. Xanax and Valium are classified as ____________________
drugs. These drugs depress activity in the ____________________
____________________ ____________________.
54. Drugs that are prescribed to alleviate depression are
called ____________________ drugs. These drugs work by increasing levels of the
neurotransmitters ____________________ and ____________________. One example
of this type of drug is ____________________, which works by blocking the
reabsorption of ____________________ from synapses and is therefore called a
____________________-____________________-____________________ drug.
55. Equally effective in calming anxious people and energizing
depressed people is ____________________ ____________________, which has
positive side effects.
56. Although people with depression often improve after one
month on antidepressants, meta-analysis studies demonstrate that a large
percentage of the effectiveness is due to a ____________________
____________________.
57. Current drug therapies work by affecting activity at all
the ____________________ for a given neurotransmitter. One type of drug
currently under development aims to block only those for a brain chemical
called ____________________, which helps transmit ____________________ messages.
58. In order to stabilize the mood swings of a bipolar
disorder, the drug ____________________ often prescribed.
59. The therapeutic technique in which the patient receives an
electric shock to the brain is referred to as ____________________ therapy,
abbreviated as _______________.
60. ECT is most often used with patients suffering from severe
____________________. Research evidence ____________________ (confirms / does
not confirm) ECT’s effectiveness with such patients.
61. One theory of how ECT works suggests that it increases
release of the neurotransmitter ____________________.
62. A new, gentler procedure called ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________ aims to treat
depression by presenting pulses through a magnetic coil held close to a
person’s skul above the right eyebrowl. Unlike ECT, this procedure produces no
____________________, ____________________ ,loss or
other side effects. This procedure may work by energizing the brain’s left
_______________ ________________ which is relatively inactive in depressed
patients.
63. The biomedical therapy in which a portion of brain tissue
is removed or destroyed is called ____________________.
64. In the 1930s, Moniz developed an operation called the
____________________. In this procedure, the ____________________ lobe of the
brain is disconnected from the rest of the brain.
65. Today, most psychosurgery has been replaced by the use of
____________________ or some other form of treatment.
66. Explain the rationale and goals of preventive mental
health programs.